THE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON RURAL COMMUNITIES GLOBALIZATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON RURAL COMMUNITIES

GLOBALIZATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

Globalization is a major driver of change in contemporary rural areas, involving the multiplication, stretching, and intensification of social, economic, political, and cultural relations over space. Processes such as the integration of the global economy, increased flows of international migration, and a growing global consciousness and standardization of values impact on rural areas affected by established economic structures, prompting changes in agriculture and land management, restructuring populations, challenging traditional cultures, and generating conflicts. The impacts of globalization processes vary between rural areas, shaped in part by the responses of rural communities through economic development strategies and protest mobilization. Globalization, as a process, analyzed in consideration of communicative instruments, development possibilities, and the expanded nature of capitalism. The purpose of this study was to investigate impacts of globalization on economical and cultural aspects of rural communities in Nsit Ibom Local Government Township.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Nsit Ibom is a Nigerian local government area located within central Akwa Ibom State and sharing boundaries with Ibesikpo/Asutan, Etinan, Nsit Ubium and Uyo Local Government Areas. The people of Nsit Ibom are of the Ibibio ethnic extraction. Nsit Ibom has a male population of 57,750 and a female population of 50,861 for a total of 108,611 according to the 2006 National Census.

Agriculture, Education is the main source of subsistence in this Area. This area, particularly the rural regions were underdeveloped during the last regime, because the dominant development policy was the expansion of the urban areas. Industrial activities appropriated to the urban regions and assembled machineries factories imported from the industrial countries. There were not appropriate programs in utilizing and developing the local resources. This situation led to a vulgar and lop-sided economy along with misbalances between the rural and urban regions, leaving the people with anxiety, disappointment and insecurity. Nowadays many rural populations in Iran have access to modern communicative devices such as radio, television, media, satellite technologies and improved road and transportation facilities and technologies in relation to agricultural industry.

This article is a new attempt to shed a light on the life of the villagers in this trans-cultural setting, whose lives are being affected by the global economy (Dicken, 1992), and the continuing significance of state as a key agent in this process. However, the authorities are still keen about preserving the religious and cultural values in this complex, rapid-changing and unpredictable environment.

Globalization, as a process, analyzed in consideration to communicative instruments and development possibilities and the expanded nature of capitalism. Wallerste in traces the roots of this global system to the economic expansion those 500 years ago as rich nations cast their eyes on the wealth of the rest of the world. The unprecedented worldwide flow of information originating in rich nations has the predictable effect of tying far-flung societies together and fostering common pattern of global culture (Wallerstein, 1974). Globalization has increasingly observed in newspapers and reports of mass media in association to socio-economic news since the end of 1980s. Globalization rather than economy is used connected to more items. For instance, about cultural and ecological globalization is discussed too, but is underlined on economic sense of globalization (Roselius, 2004). According to definition, globalization is the process of time-space compression that it corporate people in the worldunited society consciously (Golmohammadi, 2005).

A glance to globalization theories illustrate that designing of developmental discourse within developed countries has been initiated with enlightenment age in eighteen century for social uniformity of communities in western globalization project. Industrialization of San Simon (Golmohammadi, 2005), structural differentiation of Durkhiem (Abazari,1985), Rationality of Weber (Sedarati, 1993), co-modification of Marx (Ahmadi, 2003), Modernization of American Functionalists [Parsons and Levy] (Azkia, 2005), dependency theory of Neo-Marxists [Frank and Wallerstein] (So,1990), global village (Mcluhan, 1964), timespace compression (Harvey, 1993), distinction of space and time (Giddens, 1990) and globalization theory of Robertson (Robertson,1992), discuss about fundamental forces of convergence, furthermore, demonstrate lines progress and development for societies in consideration to institutive characteristics of modernity. Globalization leads to expanded social changes in human societies. Modern society, certainly the society that is assimilated in current macro-sociology, not only is a confined and determined social system but also is a society that is made by social-spatial networks (Ershad, 2000).

Thus, global content must be analyzed to understand essential aspects of social life among human societies in contemporary world (Vosoghi, 2004). In addition to the reality of increasing global integration, also, the investigating of integration and compression in rural communities is required (Azkia, 2003). In terms of rapid socio-economical changes, it cannot be renounce the globalization impacts even in the remotest rural communities. Changing in development discourse and models of development planning (such as rural development planning in levels of micro, medium and macro) (Eftekhari, 2005), extreme dissemination of changes in employment and unemployment patterns (Taherkhani, 2005), increasing of poverty and inequality in rural regions (Sumner, 2001), expansion of media and communicative roles in rural communities (Jones and Tonts, 1995), accelerating restructuring trends (Nelson, 1999), change in nationstate roles in rural communities (Kofman, 2003), redefinition of security, human rights and democracy in different communities (Thompson, 1998), increasing consumerism and commoditization in societies, expansion cultural universalism and particularize in rural communities (Golmohammadi, 2005), are the most important issues that researchers argue about them in this paper. The main porous of this study was to investigate the economic and cultural impacts of globalization on the rural communities of Kermanshah Township.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Although agriculture is the main economy in rural areas, not all the people are always involved in agriculture and they could survive by following various other occupations or supporting the primary economy. It may be added here that although rural people are more homogeneous in nature, there do exist considerable variations in terms of level of development, economy, and sociocultural tradition, not only among different countries in the world, but also in the context of a particular country. Rural society is homogeneous, but it is also very varied and therefore the policy for rural development must articulate with such a varied context. There exists a large population in rural areas who are not agriculturists. They either directly or indirectly support agriculture and, again, a large number also follow very different occupations not related to cultivation. Thus, while evolving a policy and plan for rural development, one will have to address varied and complex socioeconomic and political contexts. Besides, with better communication facilities and increasing globalization, many rural areas are now more exposed to the outside world and its influences, and are already part of the global economy. Naturally, rural development policy will also have to consider these issues. A new development paradigm is also needed that puts people at the center of development, considers economic growth as a means and not an end, protects the life opportunities of future generations as well as the present one, and respects the natural systems on which all life depends. Growth does not necessarily mean development. Unless and until there is growth with justice, where people have equal share and access to resources, there cannot be true development. It is well known that the green revolution has increased crop production, but it is also responsible for the concentration of holdings and increasing inequality. Proper development strategy may evolve with experience and experiment where traditional wisdom can contribute much. Technology is required but not the domination of technology over its creator.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The general purpose of the study is to:

Investigate the impact of Globalization on Rural Development of Nsit Ibom Local Government Area.

Specifically; the paper seeks to;

1.      To study and understand the present socio-economic conditions of Nsit Ibom Urban and rural life in the path of globalization / under the shadow of globalization

2.      study the concept of ‘global village’ through the impact of globalization

3.      To study Globalization as an empowering entity

4.      To study new potential for development and wealth creation

Globalization has transformed virtually all aspects of modern life like our jobs, our culture, and our relationships with one another. It brings new stresses, new challenges and new opportunities. For the children in well-off families, globalization means a lot of opportunities like to travel, to meet people of different culture, to experience lifestyle of different geographical regions and to get access to the internet.

1.4 MATERIAL AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

This study has been performed in the field of quantitative research. Quantitative researches according to the research design (or the mode of data gathering) can be divided two following researches: descriptive and experimental researches. This article has emerged a descriptive research. Descriptive research contains a set of methods describing conditions. The implementation of this method can purely be to recognize present conditions or helping decision process (Bazargan and Sarmad, 2003). Descriptive research can be implemented by using of several methods e.g. "correlation researches". For gathering of data, multivariate methods were used, particularly administration of a questionnaire. Then, a pilot survey was conducted. The researchers tried out the questionnaires on 30 head of households who were similar to those who will be investigated in the actual research. Any problem with the draft questionnaire was corrected at this stage and the questionnaire was finalized for the real investigation. Statistical population in this study was selected among 700 villages in Kermanshah Township. Then, 30 villages were selected among the geographical regions of Miandarband, Mahidasht and Jalalvand districts for data collection through multi-stage sampling. In the first sampling, these regions were selected based on the number of developmental indexes. Then, in the second stage of sampling 30 villages were chosen.

Considering to the statistical population, 380 respondents were selected by Cochran formula. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the following indicators have been selected: (1) Agro industrialization, (2) Increasing in poverty and inequality, (3) Change in employment patterns, (4) Economic restructuring, (5) Role of nation-state, (6) Role of media, (7) Cultural universalism, (8) Cultural particularize, and (9) Progress in rural regions of Kermanshah Townships. The first eight above mentioned indicators were independent variables and progress in rural communities was used as dependent variable. (figur1) To determine the relationship between the variables, multivariate techniques were used. These techniques contained Multivariate Correlation, Multiple Regression and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In order to find out the results of the globalization impacts on the rural communities the following theoretical framework was investigated through statistical methods. The SPSS software was used for data analysis.

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1.5 Definition of Terms

Globalization: Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy.

Rural Area: In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Rural areas are areas which are not towns or cities. They are often farming or agricultural areas. These areas are sometimes called "the country" or "countryside". People who live "in the country" often live in small villages, but they might also live somewhere where there are no other houses nearby.

Development: Development is a process of improvement and changes required for better living and existence. It is a word exclusively related to human beings than anything that exists in this universe.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Underpinning of the Globalization and Rural Development

In this part concepts and dynamics of globalization and rural development are discussed very briefly. In an age of globalization the traditional concept and role of rural development has been changed with different perspectives. Both the concepts are analyzed beneath with little details of intricacies and dynamics involved in it.

2.3 Concepts and Issues of Globalization

Globalization is now a crosscutting issue in the firmament of academic discourse. The concept of globalization has been generally depicted as an irresistible new force that will either wreck or save the planet. Globalization connotes free flows of goods, services, capital, ideas, information and people, which produce national cross-border integration of a number of economic, social and cultural activities. Rapid globalization has narrowed distance between the world’s people, some have gained and others have lost opportunities. Political economist, Robert J. Samuelson (2012) says, “globalization is a double-edged sword: A powerful vehicle that raises economic growth, spreads new technology and increases living standards in rich and poor countries alike but also an immensely controversial process that assaults national sovereignty, erodes local culture and tradition, and threatens economic and social stability.” Globalization is highly contested, complex, multidisciplinary discourse. No single definition can tap its broader meaning, implications and its ramifications. According to Stiglitz (2002) globalization means “the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies”. It means worldwide interpenetration and interdependence of all sectors-economic, political, social, cultural, and military (Barakat, 2007). Globalization is perhaps the most profound source of international transformation since the industrial revolution. The adjective ‘global’ refers less to a place than to a space defined by electronic flows and a state of mind” (Kofi Annan, 2000).

Globalization process involves; costs, risks, challenges, conflict, and potential benefits. Some scholars belong to globaphiles (pro-globalization) thinking meaning that it work for the poor while some scholars belong to globaphobes (anti-globalization) thought meaning that free trade is inherently bad for poor states.

There are supporters and critics of the globalization. Supporters equate globalization positively with openness, cosmopolitanism, integration where as the critics equate it with western imperialism, corporate domination, rampant consumerism.

In a globalized world political, economic, cultural and social events are intertwined with one another. This integration of global political, cultural, social norms, intensification of activities, interconnectedness is resulting in concepts like “shrinking globe”. Kegley (2004:267) referred globalization “as shorthand for a cluster of interconnectedness phenomena that together are transforming world politics. The most common notion has conceived globalization in terms of internationalization, which describes the increase in transactions among states reflected in flows of transaction, investments and capital.

The process of internationalization has been facilitated and is shaped by inter-state agreements on trade, investment and capital as well as by domestic politics permitting the private sector to transact abroad (Woods, 2008:252). From this perspective, Scholte (2000:15) puts “global” as simply another adjective to describe cross-broader relations between actors and “globalization” designed a growth of international exchange and interdependence. Internationalization purportedly includes enlarged movements between countries of people, messages and ideas. Globalization refers to a process by which economies of the world become increasingly integrated with global economy and policymaking and it also refers to an emerging “global culture” in which people more often consume similar goods and services across countries and use a common language of business such as English- these changes facilitates economic integration and help further expansion of it (Todaro and Smith, 2006).

Globalization connotes a continuous process of internationalization of capital accumulation. There are some guiding forces of globalization concept that encompass some key ideas, issues and concepts like liberal democracy, freedom, individualism, free enterprise and pluralism, which are indistinguishable from the process of globalization. Global pressures are increasingly changing the character of the state and nature of rural development, local governance and institutions.

Globalization is also discussed in terms of homogenization versus heterogenization (or unification versus fragmentation) and is here linked to discussions of modernization and development (Robertson, 1992; Featherstone, 1995; Hall, 1997). Globalization is only another term for Western colonialism and a buzzword to denote latest phase of capitalism. Globalization emerged differently to different people. Economists consider globalization as a step towards a fully integrated world market. Political scientists consider globalization as decline of territorial sovereignty and the rise of non-government power players. Business school applies the term to mean borderless world. In case of this paper globalization is referred to free trade, openness of the economy, privatization and interconnected of Bangladesh economy with the global economic systems.

Globalization, as an institutional process began in 1986 through the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations which was completed in 1994. Then WTO was created in 1995. It is an international organization designed to enforce rules of game in international trade. Though globalization has become an often-repeated jargon and a buzz word among the development thinkers and practitioners, globalization has not been defined properly yet although all definitions miss out the point that capitalism is the current force of globalization. Globalization is a phenomena produced by historical changes within a broader framework of continuity. The history of globalization passes through five different phases such as mercantilism (1350-1650), colonialism (1650-1830); imperialism (1830-1945); Neo-colonialism (1945-1985) and globalization (1985 - onward).

2.4 Concept and Issues of Rural Development

The concept of rural development is all embracing encompassing multidimensional factors of rural life. Conceptually rural development is multidisciplinary relating to economics, political science, public administration, public health, business management, cooperative credit, community operation, calculation and other fields (Mashreque and Nasrullah, 2005:1). The World Bank (quoted in Obaidullah, 1995) defines rural development as a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people. It involves extending benefits of development to the groups who seek a livelihood in the rural areas. It seems that the concept that appears in the sector policy papers of World Bank has a reference point for the amelioration of the conditions of the poor that include marginal farmer, landless, sharecroppers, tenants, small traders and other occupational groups who lived at subsistence level. Rural development means raising the productivity and consequently the real income of families earning their livelihood in rural areas, by increasing employment opportunities in farm and non-farm activities, there by facilitating their levels of physical, social and cultural well-being (Sen, 1996). It encompasses wide range of developmental activities involving productive sectors like agriculture, fisheries, livestock, industries, infrastructural development (irrigation, roads, electricity, etc.), social welfare (health, nutrition, deduction, etc.) and support for productive activities like research, extension, credit, processing, marketing, etc. Thus, rural development is everywhere a concept, which confronts governments with every complex problem of administrative management including the orchestration of numerous public services and non-governmental organisational efforts.

Rural development means creation of those values, socio-economic systems, institutions and incentives which will provide people greater meaning and purpose to life and will assure reasonable satisfaction of basic, physiological, psychological and aesthetic needs to all members of the rural society (Ahmed, 1983). Very often little distinction is made between national development strategy and rural development policy in political discussions, planning exercises and academic discourses.

According to President Julias Nyerere of Tanzania "A policy of rural development is a policy for national development". Such a policy of rural development as a strategy for national development is necessary for countries having a sizeable rural sector (Todaro, 1991). Rural development connotes the idea of development which implies induced qualitative and qualitative changes in a socially desirable direction (Faizullah,1981). It means improvement of living standard of rural people. It involves change in agricultural and industrial productivity of the rural sector changes in health, education and communication levels, changes in attitudes of life of rural people towards better thinking and better living. It includes technical changes and innovation for modernizing farm structures to meet rising demands of food, appropriate govt. economic policies for creating an effective supporting system, supportive social institution to change rural environment to improve levels of living (Assaduzzaman, 1981). Rural development creates markets and food supply to support the industrialization of the country (Abdullah, 1979).

2.5 The Changed Perspectives of Rural Development in Nsit Ibom

In the advent of globalization since the early eighties, with privatization, free market and revolution of NGOs, the phase of rural development underwent massive change and state-fostered rural development programs have been shared by a lot of actors. In this changed context and perspectives, government line agencies are deemed as inefficient, technically incompetent, understaffed and philosophically conservative for ushering rural development. Now, it has been recognized that NGOs and community level-organizations have a significant role to play in improving service delivery and for providing improved mechanisms for targeting disadvantaged groups in the field of rural development.

3.0 GLOBALIZATION IN NSIT IBOM

Globalization is fact or life, which has come to stay with us. It seems to be a greater force for prosperity. Globalization in Nsit Ibom is generally considered to mean ‘integrating’ the economy of the country with the world economy.

3.1 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON NSIT IBOM RURAL LIFE

Rural development primarily concerned with uplifting people out of poverty. The impact of globalization on rural societies, there economy, environment must therefore be viewed through this perspective. The present paper therefore is an attempt to what impact globalizationis having on rural areas.

Major aspects of globalization that relate to rural life or its development which includes the commercialization of agriculture and expansion of agro-industries, the liberlization of international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural products, the intensification and internal labour migraton, the increasing privatization of resources and services and the wider use of information and communicaton and technologies. Thus, the wave of globalization hit Nsit Ibom at the end of the last century which results in all the spheres life. Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment was a common phenomenon. This was for various reasons especially for luxurious life, handsome salary and for numerous job opportunities. Earlier there was a ‘minimum wage act’ and now equal wage for all is provided.

Today the percentage of village people attending the call of nature in open fields is reduced. The good roads restrict make them successful to sale agricultural products from villages to goods markets in cities & towns. As a result they can earn good price of their product. Life in rural Nsit Ibom was miserable due to non-availability of electricity. Several villages have been electrified. It is big benefit in rural development. Globalization is going to make much difference to rural life through electricity.

If this is supplied uninterruptedly 10-12 hours per days to these villages then ultimately, the process of development in rural life will be rapid. Education is concerned, in villages school buildings are available in villages and numbers of teachers are appointed in primary schools so as to improve the primary education. The infrastructures like benches, boards and other facilities are of improved quality. There is, however, another positive development that girls are attending the schools in the villages. Also the number of students attending graduate and post graduate courses is increasing with awareness among students from rural areas. The technical education is providing to most of the students from rural areas to secure employment.

Technology is trying to make use of it in villages and other communication infrastructure. People know about the internet. There exists number of small scale industries in villages to provide employment to educated youth. Government is trying to push the technological changes in the agriculture to make it a profitable venture. Efforts have resulted as success stories in selected cases.

Nsit Ibom’s real culture is still preserved in rural life even though the advancement of technology has much influence in rural areas. People still prefer to wear dresses of old fashion and celebrate festivals in old styles. Folk dances and folk songs are still popular among villagers. Meanwhile the villagers have awareness and culture is touched and affected by western influence. Thus Globalization has an impact on rural life as standards of living are good and migration of people is taking place and poor people are moving to urban areas in search of employment.

But, as we know every coin has two sides there are numerous advantages of Globalization on the rural scale or the Nsit Ibomn Village. The impact of globalization has been felt by the Nsit Ibomn rural market as much as the urban counterpart. Hence, we can see that today changes are taking place rapidly in all walks of life and rural areas are no exception to this. Improved infrastructure facilities, economic liberalization, renewed emphasis on agribusiness and small industries, fast changing agricultural technology, scope for commercialization of agriculture, greater budgetary provision for rural people are few reasons to mention. Moreover, various socio-cultural, psychological and political aspects of rural life are also changing. The farmers in the Nsit Ibom village now have access to the advanced equipments for agriculture, which leads them to better yields and in turn it helps the economy of the country. Globalization also provides better exposure to the agricultural produces and ensures the farmers that they get the correct value for the produces due to globalization.

4.0 Results

To determine the correlation between criterion (dependent) and predicative (independent) variables the Pearson-coefficient of correlation was used. Table 1 shows the correlation  coefficient matrix. According to the Table 1, there were significant correlation between all predicative variables and the criterion variable (p<0.01).

Agro- industrialization(X1), Increasing in inequality(X2), Change in employment(X3), Restructuring (X4), Change in state role (X5), Role of media(X6), Cultural universalism(X7), Cultural particularize(X8), Progress in rural community(Y)

Multiple Regressions

In this research, we used stepwise method to identity the impacts of predictor (independent) variables on rural communities' progress. In the stepwise method, the strongest variables enter to equation and this program continues until error of significance reaches 5 per cent (Kalantari, 2004). In Table 2, the regression analysis has advanced until six stages. As you seen (Table 2), based on the Coefficient of Determination (R²), six predictors (independent variables) can predict 62 per cent of dependent variable.

            Table 2:   Regression Analysis           

   Stage            Variable                                                           R               B                  ß                 p 

1          Agro- industrialization(X1)	0.750	0.518	0.864	0.563
2          Change in employment( X3)	0.761	-0.193	-0.42	0.579
3          Cultural universalism(X7)	0.771	0.175	0.382	0.595
4          Role of media(X6)	0.777	0.099	0230	0.603
5          Cultural particularize(X8)	0.780	0.086	0.216	0.609
6          Change in state role (X5)	0.784	0.087	0.168	0.615

In consideration to Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), we can argue about co-linearity statistics. If VIF is less than 10, co-linearity will not be significant. According to Table 3, it is considered amount of co-linearity is less than 10 for predictor variable in the last stage of regression analysis.

Considering to quantity of beta (ß) can be arbitrated ratio and proportion predictor variables in explanation of dependent variable. Quantities of beta (the sixth column of Table 2) show that per unit of variation in standard deviation of agro- industrialization, change in employment patterns, cultural universalism, role of media, cultural particularizes and change in nation-state role can be varied standard deviation of dependent variable in order 0.518, -0.193, 0.175, 0.099, 0.086 and 0.087.

Table 3: variance inflation factor

Variable                                  VIF

Agro- industrialization            2.135

Change in employment           1.256

Cultural universalism  1.803

Role of media 1.671

Cultural particularize   1.114

Change in state role    1.220

Structural Equation Modeling

One of the main purposes of the multivariate techniques is expanding in explanation ability of researchers. Multiple Regressions, Conformity Factor Analysis, and so on, are important instruments for researchers but have a common limitation: these methods can only investigate a separated relationship. "Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is investigates a set of correlation relationships. This method is specially uses when a dependent variable is furthermore an independent variable in the next correlation relationships"(Sharepoor, 2005). SEM is used in different branches of science such as education, marketing, psychology, management, demography, organizational behavior and biology (Hoyle, 1995). SEM can contain covariance structure analysis, latent variable analysis, conformity factor analysis, path analysis and linear structural relations. In this study Path Analysis was used. Path Analysis is a multivariate technique to explain direct and indirect impacts between variables (Kalantari, 2004).

The logic of SEM is based on its theoretical framework. There are different indexes to goodness of fit such as Chi-Square, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation), CFI (Comparative Fit Index) and NFI (Norm Fit Index).

To goodness of fit, have to installation the following conditions in SEM:

1-Chi-Square should not be significant. 2-RMSEA has to be less than 0.5.

3- CFI has to be about 1.

4- NFI has to be more than 0.95.

In consideration to Path Diagram (Diagram 2), that has been demonstrated by using AMOS software, the model was fitted for the following reasons:

1-Chi-Square is not significant (P-value=.376)

2-RMSEA=.013 3-CFI=1 4-NFI=.992

4.0 SUMMARY

In the present era, especially in the last two decades everyone talks of globalization and says that whole world is a global village. In the basic sense it means ‘integrating’ the economy of the country with the world economy. The impact of globalization on Nsit Ibom and rural life has a tremendous influence which is both positive as well as negative. The Nsit Ibom urban and rural life is viewed as the two faces of the same coin. They are mutually interdependent and both have a greater impact of globalization. Nsit Ibom is getting global recognition and slowly moving forward to become a major economic and political strength. Thus, the paper clearly elucidates that globalization is a complex phenomenon and its impact on rural and urban life clearly. It has a very profound impact on both Nsit Ibom rural and urban life. As a result globalization has shown remarkable growth in urbanization and rural development.

4.1 CONCLUSION

The impact of globalization on Nsit Ibom and rural life has a tremendous influence which is both positive as well as negative. The Nsit Ibom urban and rural life is viewed as the two faces of the same coin. They are mutually interdependent and both have a greater impact of globalization.

The impact of globalization on Nsit Ibom rural economy has given new face to modern Nsit Ibom. There is a rapid and positive progress towards society. Rural economy is the pillar of through its agricultural activities. The impact of globalization has changed Nsit Ibom as one the global superpowers. However rural Nsit Ibom must tread cautiously on the path of globalization as its negative effects can prove to be catastrophic.

Thus, Nsit Ibom is getting global recognition and slowly moving forward to become a major economic and political strength. Thus, the paper clearly elucidates that globalization is a complex phenomenon. It has a very profound impact on both Nsit Ibom rural and urban life. Nsit Ibom’s globalization, urbanization and rural development have shown remarkable growth.

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